Tuesday, December 1, 2015 the Upper Makefield Board of Supervisors unanimously passed their version of the shale gas drilling moratorium resolution. This will be used to give weight to our appeals to the Delaware River Basin Commission and the PA Legislature to permanently ban fracking in the Delaware Basin.
Now all three townships that comprise the zoning jointure have passed such ordinances. Their Solicitor has the Riverkeeper’s guide book for drilling ordinances and also the guide for pipeline zoning. With these tools it should be possible to craft zoning ordinances that give the maximum protection to air and water quality and the environment generally. Although there is no urgency to act quickly, it is crucial to invest the time to get a good ordinance in place as a fall-back should efforts to ban fracking fail.
Every resident of Bucks County should be respectfully working to make sure that Supervisors take the next steps.
In addition to the resolution, and drilling and pipeline ordinances, we anticipate that innovative lawyers will be offering bold strategies for townships to protect their citizens from the worst abuses of the shale gas industry. To get an idea what shape this might take visit Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund (CELDF.org)
Fractracker.org has a disturbing animation available showing the proliferation of shale gas wells since 2005. Take a look, then read on.
Pennsylvania’s Drake Well is known for sparking the first oil boom in the United States in 1859. In more recent history, the industry has resurrected hydrocarbon extraction in the Commonwealth through unconventional oil and gas drilling – or fracking. Between 2002 and October 28, 2015, at least 16,826 of these high-impact wells have been approved statewide, and 9,508 drilled.
~ fractracker.org
Need I remind you that each of these wells will require a collector pipeline to carry the gas to a compressor station. At the compressor station a dozen or so 9000 horsepower engines drive massive, very loud compressors that raise the gas to pipeline pressures (1,200 pounds per square inch) and remove the components they don’t want in the pipeline with the gas (dirt, volatile organics, liquids). These they burn off with flares or simply vent to the air. The compressor station needs a large pipeline carry the gas to a still larger (30 inch diameter) interstate pipeline that takes it to market. These interstate lines have factory-size compressor stations every 40 miles.
Consider this — with only about half the 9,508 drilled wells connected to pipelines and producing we already have a glut of gas on the market — way more than needed for domestic demand. This same scenario exists worldwide. No wonder natural gas is super cheap. When (and if) all 16,826 permits result in producing wells, who is going to buy the gas? We are nowhere near maxed-out on permits and drilling opportunities.
Consider also — most forward-looking people realize that global warming (climate change) is real and the opportunity to ameliorate it will be lost if we fail to make a fast switch to non-carbon energy. More and cheaper natural gas is not needed and not in the public interest … no, it’s not the cleaner “bridge” fuel we once thought (watch the Ingraffea video to see why). The market for gas must contract, not expand.
Despite these realities, the people who drill wells, lay pipelines, and build and lease the machinery have too much invested to look for other careers — they want to drill and pipe and lease equipment until the unwary investors wake up and stop the gravy train. Halliburton and lots of less familiar names will continue to push shale gas extraction so long as there is a buck to be made in it.
The number of abandoned gas and oil wells in PA. Many are leaking already, most will eventually leak, and we have no record of where 95% are!
30,000
The number of miles of gas and oil pipeline the PA DEP predicts will be built before 2035 in Pennsylvania.
0
The number of inspections actually conducted by US EPA – it relies on industry reports.
0
The number of wells bleeding methane to the atmosphere that the industry classifies as leaking if no groundwater contamination is discovered.
0
The additional carbon fuel development needed to meet domestic US fuel needs. We already are a net exporter of energy.
10%
The portion of the gas in the fracked shale layer that is extracted before a well is considered exhausted. The rest (90%) is a lost asset.
11th
Pennsylvania has the lowest (11th of 11 states) severance fees, the taxes and fees charged for produced gas and oil.
2000%
The global warming effect of Methane (natural gas) 20 times an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide in a year.
8400%
The global warming effect of Methane is 84 times an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide over ten years. (Methane degrades naturally, carbon dioxide does not.)
PennLive reporter Wallace McKelvey says a recent reorganization of the Pennsylvania DEP has resulted in less oversight of drillers. This should be shocking news but it’s not. Our state’s record of protecting its citizens from the depredations of the energy industry is far from admirable, and the legislature routinely acts against the interests of locals in favor of shale gas exploration.
McKelvey writes:
It all started with a two-line email that filtered out to Pennsylvania’s shale inspectors.
‘Effective immediately,’ wrote executive deputy secretary John Hines, ‘any violations related to natural gas drilling operations would need approval from the top of the agency.’
‘Any waiver from this directive will not be acceptable,’ wrote Hines, who now works at Shell and declined to comment for this project. (Read the whole Story)
It speaks worlds that Hines now works at Shell.
When one works for the government the internal political winds make or break careers. Too often the decision to do the right thing requires that one consider whether one’s superior will back you if there is push back from the regulated party. At the very least, being reversed is embarrassing.
Maybe the boss’s next career move is to take his or her knowledge and that all-important high level access and cash it in by landing a job in the regulated industry as a high paid relationship manager and expediter. The proverbial revolving door and such cozy connections with industry do not make for stringent or aggressive enforcement.
Is it any wonder that we don’t trust our DEP to protect us? When we see “the Secretary,” as his staff refer to John Quigley, personally ramrodding the fast-paced agenda of the Pipeline Infrastructure Task Force should we worry? Should we question his objectivity when he speaks about creating a grid of pipelines that will touch every county in the state, all without any discussion of whether it’s prudent in the face of global warming, the glut of gas in the world market, and shaky drilling industry financial prospects?
Beware the Carbon bubble. How much of our beautiful “common-wealth” will be sacrificed and bulldozed in the name of shale gas development? Today it looks like tens of thousands of miles of clear cut hillsides and disrupted neighborhoods. The fox is in the hen house and most everyone who could stop the carnage is looking away.
Sigh. Well, maybe we can re-purpose those costly pipeline right of ways to build vast linear solar and wind farms when the climate gets bad enough.
Infrastructure Task Force was well covered by the Media
I attended the October 28th meeting of Governor Wolf’s Infrastructure Task Force. It was conceived in an attempt to harmonize the development of pipelines needed by the shale gas industry with Pennsylvanian’s fears and concerns about the impact of pipeline and compressor station construction. Steamfitters are needed to weld together these pipelines because each pipeline is a huge pressure vessel miles long that is capable of exploding with disastrous consequences. Construction requires that huge linear tracts of land be cleared and excavated, often by legal condemnation and taking against the will of the property owners.
I recognize that most such task forces are created as a delaying tactic by politicians. They often labor for years, grind out a great tome of a report which few ever actually read except to capture an occasional media sound bite. Not this task force. It has been completely co-opted by shale gas interests and is functioning as a boot camp to forge the access and relationships between regulatory personnel of the Federal and State governments and their industry counterparts. Hundreds of “volunteers” (people from industry) have been working with government employees to draft the task force report that will make recommendations intended to expedite the construction of a vast grid of collector and transmission pipelines slashing through every county in Pennsylvania. One gets the impression that the agencies that protect our forests and streams, our historical sites, our game and wildlife, and our property rights are seen as inconvenient impediments.
This taskforce has moved with an alacrity that is rare indeed for a government undertaking. Its draft report is due in November, and its final report in February 2016.
Boom Mentality
The Marcellus shale gas boom has created wells that need pipelines to get their product to market. Those who build the pipelines see a decade of steady, lucrative work ahead. Those who own wells with no connection to the grid desperately want to begin recovering their invested capital. This has created a blindness that I have seen before in the real estate booms that happened over my 35 years of running an industrial park development. Toward the end of each boom cycle there are always investors and developers that arrive late to the party and are just getting started as the band stops playing and everyone goes home.
In the 1980’s when I was new to the business I went to a lot of industry trade shows to learn my way around and rub shoulders with other more experienced investors. I recall having conversations with developers who were still starting new projects when there was a vacancy rate of 35% in existing office space. I was puzzled at how they hoped to succeed when the demand for space was so low. In most of my conversations the developers told me how their building had features like wiring for computer networks that would make it much more attractive than the competition. I wasn’t convinced.
The real answer was at last revealed when one of these men saw my disbelief and whispered, “Besides, the bank is our partner!” By this he meant that most of the skin in the development game is not the developer’s; it’s the bank’s. Those who build the buildings arrange financing through banks and third parties. All through the construction these developers are paying the bills, and themselves, with other people’s money. If the completed building sits vacant, they have already made most of their money and the financial risk is on the investors. Donald Trump famously said, “If you owe the bank $100,000 you’re in trouble. If you owe the bank $100,000,000, they are in trouble. A builder meets his payrolls and keeps the doors open despite the lack of demand for the product, so long as financing is available.
Bust Blindness in Shale Gas Development
The carbon fuel party is just about over. Science has been telling us for years that we have stayed too long and it’s time to move on to renewable energy sources. Global warming is real and we are witnessing the disruptions to weather patterns and ocean currents in ever more dramatic ways. Hurricane Patricia, the category 5 storm that broke all records for intensity was only the latest example. In science, proof lags awareness by years. So we anticipate more and worse consequences coming from our reliance on fossil fuels, we just haven’t proved them yet.
Those who drill wells and build pipelines are not ready for the dance to end. Like my colleagues in the real estate business, they plan to keep it going as long as they can. They just don’t (or won’t) see what’s coming, and besides the bank is their partner.
In addition to climate change there are other clear signals that the shale boom is over. Gas production already exceeds domestic demand, prices are low for gas and oil. The higher prices that accelerated the shale gas boom are over. Producing more gas at a faster rate will only make the global price drop more. Far too many shale gas developments world-wide are driving prices down. Cartels in the Middle East have responded to the competitive threat posed by shale gas with price reductions calculated to make new fossil energy production unprofitable.
These low prices have already put the damper on new exploration, and made the finances of shale gas developers shaky. The have had a negative effect on renewable energy as well, but renewable technology continues to advance and become more competitive in spite of cheap carbon fuel. Entrepreneurs like Elon Musk (Tesla) recognize that the renewable party is just getting started.
Soon the global effects of carbon fuels will be undeniable. Governments will impose carbon taxes and other remediation measures in an effort curtail use and mitigate the damage. These measures are already too late to prevent dramatic changes in fresh water availability, sea level, and oceanic biology. Species that can’t adapt are already vanishing. Humans can migrate and will find ways to survive the changing environment, but one would be foolish to think that the adjustments will happen without hardship and strife. Consider the heat wave in Pakistan where temperatures rose to 110 degrees Fahrenheit, killing those who could not tolerate the heat or find shelter from it.
There will be unprecedented famines. The fresh water our generation regards as a birthright will become a valuable commodity in commerce. You’re skeptical? Thames Water and other large multi-nationals are buying up water systems globally.
Race for the Abyss
The people seated at the Infrastructure Task Force table are racing to build their pipe network because there’s money to be made while the band still plays. The long-term costs, both economic and social are not their concern. Each individual is a player in a game that pays too well to quit. As consultants or employees they don’t have the motivation to say, “Hey, we shouldn’t be doing this.” The CEOs of their companies, aren’t likely to call for a halt. The undepreciated capital investment it too great, and it still looks possible to keep on dancing. But those who finance them are getting shy. And those of us who see what’s coming are divesting from fossil fuel stocks.
All of the public comments were critical.
I was given only two minutes to speak at Wednesday’s Infrastructure Task Force meeting. There wasn’t time to paint the picture as I have here. I could only summarize what I have seen and conclude with an old man’s warning that the carbon bubble will break and that they will be telling their children or grandchildren “I just didn’t see it coming.”
It’s been well established that more science will not cause those who choose to deny climate change to rethink their beliefs. Such change requires peer pressure – the sense that one’s belief or opinion is out-of-step with reality as reflected by the opinions of people he or she knows and respects. So don’t be bashful about making your concern about the safety and desirability of shale gas extraction known. Contact your elected officials often.
With each passing day more evidence gets published exposing the terrible risk and cost of shale gas extraction and its negative impacts to people and communities. This post considers the claimed benefits and pairs them with the downside risks and costs.
Energy Independence
The US has been overly dependent on the big Middle Eastern oil producers. The price and availability of fossil fuels has a direct effect on every aspect of our consumer economy, and impacts the lifestyles of all but the very rich. The development of shale gas and oil worldwide was a game changer. The US is now an energy exporter and the price of fossil energy has dropped dramatically.
It sounds like a big win, but it’s not. Global climate change effects are already disrupting economies world wide and threaten to obliterate island nations. Our grandchildren will live in a radically altered ecosystem as formerly verdant areas become deserts, and as snow packs vanish as a source of fresh water. These are only two of the vast changes that are happening and will get worse due to our continuing use of fossil fuels.
True energy independence requires a shift to non-carbon renewable energy sources. Though fossil fuels will remain a part of the mix, they must be restricted to levels that keep atmospheric carbon below 350 ppm. (Its over 400 now.) Low cost fossil fuels compete with renewable energy in the market place, slowing development and adoption at a time when all credible experts agree that we need emergency measures to suppress carbon emissions.
At best the energy independence benefit is a short-term benefit. But I see it as analogous to a drunk having one more for the road.
Jobs
Shale gas development brings jobs to communities where the drilling takes place. The scale of modern drilling operations is huge. Hydraulic fracturing adds a vast support network of trucking for water (4 million gallons per well), chemicals, sand, and equipment. In addition to the drill crews there is an army of support workers employed to supply them. The collection and processing of the products adds a network of pipelines and compressor stations and jobs for the crews that build and operate it. These jobs pay well for the level of education required to do them.
But are they “good” jobs? At best, they are temporary and most workers migrate to follow the work as new development starts in fresh locations. The work proceeds 24/7 and involves long hours of hard physical work in a hazardous environment. Workers enjoy few benefits and minimal protections because the drilling industry has carved out exceptions in Federal and state laws that protect other workers. Life-changing injuries are common, and the fatality rate is seven times the average. Exposure to dust, chemicals, and toxic gasses can precipitate long term health issues.
The work is boom or bust. During boom periods, the influx of drilling workers drives up local housing costs and also other basic costs as the local market adjusts to scarcity and the influx of people with money to spend. During bust cycles, unemployment and under employment set in as the jobs that supported the boom dry up. Convenience stores, gas stations, restaurants, bars, local retail must all cut back.
A new documentary titled Gas Work – The Fight for CJ’s Lawdramatically illustrates the family impacts of shale gas work with interviews and scenes of industrial accident sites. Employers create an atmosphere of fear telling workers who object to conditions that they are “a dime a dozen” and that they must accept the risks, keep quiet about spills and other violations, and generally do as they are told or get fired. Coworkers shun those who challenge unsafe conditions. (See the film on the big screen and join the discussion afterwords at the 350.org event on November 13th 2015, Newtown Friends Meeting, 7PM.)
Yes, shale gas development creates jobs, but not so many; and fewer yet are truly good jobs that last, the ones that enhance the general quality of life in a community.
It’s Addiction
Cheap fossil energy is like tobacco and alcohol. In moderation, use is relatively harmless and feels good. But the convenience and abundance is seductive and it becomes hard to abstain. Over time we become dependent and the use is destructive to some but not necessarily all who indulge. Dependence distorts judgment and encourages denial of the reality of the addictions destructive impacts. In any present moment, we have the illusion that our addictions are only “guilty pleasures” – something we should quit, but just not today. We justify them as needs.
Since about 2007 the world has had practical and feasible technology to make non-fossil energy sufficient for its economic needs. We have known about the peril of permanent climate change for nearly a century. But our addiction to cheap energy is hard, very hard indeed, to shake. None are so blind as they who will not see.
In July Governor Wolfe and shale gas industry leaders formed a task force to plan a massive pipeline build-out to expedite the flow of gas to markets. The federal government has lifted its ban on oil and gas exports. Last month the energy industry announced that Philadelphia will be “energy central.” One of the featured speakers, Robert Bryce fueled the collective denial with an optomistic talk entitled Innovation, Shale, and the Second American Century. Brice authored a book entitled, How Innovation Keeps Proving the Catastrophists Wrong.” Clearly there’s cache and cash in telling folks what they want to hear.
We are witnessing a colossal train wreck in the making presided over by people who are enjoying too much wealth and power to see it coming.
I was at the live presentation and I highly recommend that you watch the video. Professor Ingraffea, like so many brilliant scholars, makes his talk interesting and at times amusing despite its complexity. This lecture is very accessible and rigorously grounded in factual information. You can trust Ingraffea’s analysis, and if you are skeptical, you can go right to his sources. I’m eager to get this link up on the site now, and hope to make time to review it and quote some highlights later.
On Wednesday night (9/9/15) the Supervisors of Newtown Township took the lead in passing a resolution supporting a permanent ban on fracking in the Delaware Basin. That’s big, even thought it doesn’t of itself prevent drilling and fracking. Because Pennsylvania is a Commonwealth, the state legislature is in charge of granting permission for shale gas extraction and individual municipalities can only choose where withing their borders to allow it.
Other townships are expected to follow Newtown in enacting similar resolutions. Although the Supervisors can’t ban fracking, their resolution gives gravitas to public sentiment against fracking and the environmental and health impacts it causes. State legislators recognize that the same voters who elect municipal politicians also elect them. It will be hard for them to yield to pressure from the shale gas lobby knowing that their constituents do not support fracking.
Those of us who are working on this issue know that passage of this resolution is only an early milestone in each town’s effort to gird itself against exploitation. The effort to preserve its water, air, and environment will take many forms. Later this month the Delaware Riverkeeper Network will release a guidebook for municipalities that contains language for crafting strategic zoning. We agree that it’s prudent to have proper zoning enacted in the event that the moratoriums are ultimately lifted. Though we hope they will never be necessary, we recognize that it takes time to craft enforceable regulations. To that end the guidebook will help local solicitors who may be unfamiliar with the nuances and hazards of shale gas exploration.
To protect water and air, it is necessary to establish baselines for existing levels of methane and other pollutants. A favorite dodge of drillers who create leaky wells is to say, “That methane was present before we drilled.” Fortunately there are effective means to collect baseline data before a well is begun. The knowledge that baseline data exisits may, of itself, deter drilling. Drillers play the odds, and they know that one or two out of every twenty wells leaks in the first five years. When baselines exist enforcement action is likely to be costly.
Towns can also zone pipelines. Since dedicated pipelines are needed to get the “wet” gas to processing facilities, and from there to market, it’s just as important to zone and regulate them as it is to plan for wells.
It is regrettable that locals can’t depend on the state or federal regulators for protection. Only outright bans like those enacted in New York State and Maryland seem to keep the menace at bay. So, while we work to create the political will to ban fracking at the state level, we also seek to get resolutions and zoning ordinances that show unity of purpose and establish formidable accountability standards at the municipal level.
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In a perfect world all the stakeholders would want accurate information about the health effects of shale gas extraction. But alas industry and politicians avoid inconvenient facts and have even defunded efforts to collect the data. Nonetheless there was a log kept and some 85 official reports were recorded. Here’s what the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reported when those were made public:
“The records, which span four years and partial terms of two governors between March 2011 and April 2015, don’t prove a connection between drilling activities and illness, but they reflect the range of complaints reported by citizens, physicians, workers and health agencies.
Environmental and public health experts said the log alone is insufficient to evaluate potential health impacts from shale development.
Trevor Penning, director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, said, “The question is whether or not there is a relationship between the exposures that they think they have and the symptoms that they are reporting. That is the crux of it, and that is difficult to nail down based on what you’re seeing here.”
In one case, a mother reported that a third of her 13-year-old daughter’s hair had fallen out, and she suspected a gas well near her water well was to blame.
A doctor said his patient suffered chronic hearing damage after a helicopter servicing the gas industry hovered low over her home.
A truck driver said fluid at a well pad “ate through his work boots and caused long-lasting rashes and welts on his feet and legs.”
Common complaints include breathing trouble, chest tightness, nose bleeds, skin irritation, abdominal issues and noise.”
Now there is a epidemiological study that documents alarming health statistics linked to fracking. Here is what was found when the health of infants and young children in heavily fracked counties was compared to the rest of the state:
“In one of the first studies of its kind, Joseph J. Mangano of the Radiation and Public Health Project found disturbing links between hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and health effects in children younger than five years old.
In the report “Health Hazards to Fetuses, Infants, and Young Children in Heavily-fracked Areas of Pennsylvania,” funded by the Pittsburg Foundation, Mangano explains that as a relatively new technology in the landscape of natural gas extraction, fracking hasn’t been extensively studied with regards to health impacts on nearby residents. His study compares morbidity and mortality rates for several age groups living in eight heavily-fracked counties in the state with the same data in the rest of Pennsylvania. Heavily-fracked counties included in the study were Bradford, Washington, Tioga, Susquehanna, Lycoming, Greene, Westmoreland, and Fayette.
Mangano found that heavily-fracked counties have 13.9% greater infant mortality, 23.6% greater perinatal mortality, 3.4% more low-weight births, 12.4% more premature births, and 35.1% more cancer in children ages zero to four.
According to Mangano, “[This] information is only a start in refining the discussion about fracking’s impact on humans. Other studies must be conducted, on this and other geographic areas, disease categories, and age groups. As these develop, it is crucial that information such as this is disseminated to citizens and public leaders, leading to more informed discussion that will make future public policies that best protect the public’s health.”
[Joseph Mangano MPH MBA is an epidemiologist, and Executive Director of the Radiation and Public Health Project research group. He is author/co-author of 34 medical journal articles and 3 books.]
Mangano’s study is just one item in the growing body of medical evidence that fracking is responsible for serious health problems. In April a team of scientists in Southwestern PA released a white paper titled, The Case for an Unconventional Natural Gas Development Health Registry. It documents the toxic emissions present around fracking sites, the health hazards they present, and it calls for specific reporting and record keeping.
It would seem like an obvious and prudent step, a no-brainer, to safeguard the health of our families by ensuring that our health officials can track and respond to health impacts. Doctors should know the possible effects and be alerted to report them. But as someone famously observed it’s hard to make a person see what his/her paycheck depends on NOT seeing.
Are the economic benefits of fracking worth the human cost? Not if it’s your kid who suffers.
We know we should be conserving our resources. We know we should be shifting to renewable energy. We know shale gas extraction devastates the environment and does irreparable harm to water and land. We know it wrecks the roads. Now we also know it hurts our children. And we are told there is glut of gas that’s driving prices down. We’ve got so much natural gas we plan to export more than half of what we produce. Yet the pressure continues to develop more wells no mater what injustices the process imposes on ordinary people. Are we mad?
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